Washing apparatus with water conditioning dispenser



Jan. 6, 1959 J. MARTINIAK ET AL r 2,367,224

WASHING APPARATUS WITH WATER CONDITIONING DISPENSER Filed Dec. 22. 19552 Sheets-Sheet l Jan. 6, 1959 L. J. MARTINIAK ETAL WASHING APPARATUSWITH WATER CONDITIONING DISPENSER Filed Dec. 22. 1955 2 Sheets-Sheet 2WASHING APPARATUS WITH WATER CONDITIONING DISPENSER Leonard J.Martiniak, Chicago, and Jack E. Bebinger, Brookfield, Ill., assignors toGeneral Electric Company, a corporation of New York Application December22, 1955, Serial No. 554,846

9 Claims. (Cl. 134-58) This invention relates to washing apparatus, and,in particular, to means for introducing a water conditioning agent, suchas a wetting agent, into the washing and/or rinsing liquid used in suchapparatus at a predetermined time of the operation cycle thereof.

Automatically controlled clothes washers and dishwashers are inwidespread use. These machines are similar in the sense that each isoperated by a time-cycle control which conducts the machine through aprogram in which the articles therein are washed, rinsed, and dried. Inclothes washing machines, the drying operation may be by means ofcentrifugal extraction or pressure extraction; in dishwashers, thedrying operation is usually by air circulation to evaporate residualrinse water from the dishes. I

We have found that the drying performance of each type'of machine can bematerially improved by the addition of small amounts of a suitablewetting agent to the final rinse Water. In clothes washing machines, thewetting agent increases the fluidity of the water and it separates morefreely from the articles of clothing during the centrifuging or pressureextraction operations. In dishwashers, the reduction in a surfacetension of the rinse water effected by the addition of a wetting agentproduces very marked improvement in performance in at least twoimportant aspects: by increasing the drippage of free water from thedishes and other articles, the drying time is shortened; and even inhard water areas, there is a very substantial reduction in the spottingof glasses and silverware, because such spotting is largely the resultof the evaporation of drops of water on the articles and the depositthereon of the solids content of the water. We have found that the useof a wetting agent in therinse water reduces the water retention to aminimum and there is, therefore, an almost directly proportionalreduction in the spotting of the articles.

Although it may be advantageous to introduce the wetting agent into thewater in each of the water-using operations of the respective machines,practical considerations dictate the use of the conditioning materialonly in the final rinse water. In a presently preferred embodiment ofour invention, we employ a heat responsive means to measure the quantityof conditioning material and to inject said quantity into the machine atthe appropriate time. For example, at a convenient place in theapparatus, we mount a container of the conditioning agent, and, by Wayof suitably valved passages, bring the container into communication witha pump chamber. A wall of said pump chamber comprises a thermostaticdisk of the bimetal type, arranged so that when it is heated it assumesa configuration which reduces the volume of the pump chamber by anamount equal to the quantity of the wetting agent to be introduced intothe washing tub or vat of the machine. The snap action of thethermostatic element forces the material into the tub or vat underpositive pressure, and the abrupt return of the disk to its initialshapeis equally effective to draw a measured amount of material from thecontainer. A convenient 2,867,224 Patented Jan. (i, 1959 ICC and highlyreliable means of operating the disk from its normal to its heatedposition is by a heating element arranged in a power circuit having acontrol switch operated At the desired time of by the time-cyclecontroller. operation, the control switch energizes the heating elementfor a period sufiicient to heat it to its snap-over condition; whereuponthe switch is subsequently operated to de-energize the element and thuspermit the disk to cool and return to its normal shape.

It is therefore a main object of our invention to provide washingapparatus having simple and highly reliable means for introducing apredetermined quantity of a water conditioning agent into the-tub or vatof the washing apparatus and to effect its introduction in a definitetime relationship in the operational cycle of the apparatus.

In the accompanying drawings,

Fig. l is a fragmentary side sectional elevation of a typical automaticdishwashing machine embodying the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a side sectional elevation of'a presently preferred embodimentof the dispenser embodying the invention; and

Fig. 3 is a schematic wiring diagram.

Referring to the drawings, the lower portion of a dishwasher of thedomestic type is shown in section in Fig. 1. Such a dishwasher comprisesan outer casing 1, fitted with a bottom hinged door 2, arranged to beswung between a vertical closed position and a substantially horizontalopen position. Insaid open position, the door affords access to theinterior of a washing tub or vat 3 which has an open front but isotherwise completely enclosed. A dish receiving rack 4 is slidablymounted for movement into and out of the vat by any suitable means, suchas side rails (not shown) carried by the side walls of the vat; and whensaid door 2 is in its open position, the rack may be drawn forwardlyonto the inner panel 5 of the door, being guided thereon by one or morerollers such as the roller 6. The entire rack may be removed from thedoor to afford full access to the interior of the vat 3 through the openfront thereof.

Typical dishwasher construction incorporating such door and dishrackarrangements may be as shown in Walker U.- S. Patent 2,567,697, grantedNovember 3, 1953, for Dishwashing Apparatus and Cabinet Structure whichis assigned to our present assignee.

The lower portion of door panel 5 has a cup 7 for the reception of asuitable granular detergent, pursuant to the teachings of Walker Patent2,620,811, patented December 9, 1952, for Dishwashing Apparatus withAutomatic Detergent Introduction Arrangement and also assigned to ourassignee herein. The cup 7 is loaded with suitable detergent When thedoor is in open position; and at the commencement of the washing action,the detergent is washed out of the cup and mixes with the Wash Water inthe vat to provide a washing solution, all as well understood in the artand as particularly described in the last mentioned Walker patent. Thedishwasher vat 3 is formed with a bottom sump portion 8, within which ismounted a washing impeller 9 of suitable pat} tern. That shown inKoertge Patent No. 2,422,022, granted June 6, 1947, for Dishwashing andDrying Apparatus is in widespread use and is satisfactory for theinstant machine. Said impeller is mounted on the shaft 10 of a motor 11,mounted in'the machinery compartment 12 below the vat. Also in saidmachinery compartment is a conventional solenoid-operated water valveorganization 14 which through an inlet pipe 15 receives water from' asuitable heated water source (not shown) and discharges said waterthrough a tube 16 communicating with an inlet fitting 17 (shownschematically in Fig. 3) as the solenoid 18 operates said valve from itsnormally closed to its open position. Also within said compartnient 12is a drain valve arrangement having an inlet 19 communicating with sump8 and a flexible hose 20 extending from said inlet 19 to a point ofconnection with the plumbing trap fitting 21. A solenoid operator 22' isaj forced circulation "of air throughout the washing vat during thedrying cycle which follows the washing and rinsing operations, aspresently described As indicated above, the illustrated dishwasher istypical of many thousands in use, and of itself forms no part of ourinvention. v V

The present invention provides for introducing a conditioning material,such as a wetting agent, into the vat for mixture with the water thereinduring a selected operational cycle of the machine. The presentlyillustrated embodiment contemplates the introduction of the ma-' terialinto the final rinse water, to facilitate drainage of the water from thearticles in the tub, and thus to reduce spotting of the articles. byreason of the evaporation on the articles, of water drops which haveremained thereon during the drying cycle. For use in a dishwasher,nonionic surface-active agent, such as that known in the art as aPluronic has been found superior to other types of water-conditioningmaterials.

As shown in Fig. 2, a wetting agent dispenser incorporating ourinvention includes a container 25 having a vent tube 26. The containeris arranged to be mounted in a location relative to said vat tofacilitate the filling of the container with the conditioning materiahFor example, the container is disposed below the bottom wall of the sump8 in a location in which its removable cap 27 is easily assessible forremoval and the filling of the container 25 when the door 2 is in openposition and the rack 4 has been removed. Cap 27 is provided with avalved orifice member 28 which may comprise a cylindrical chamber havinga suitable valve seat 29 in its base for cooperation with a ball valve31), urged against the seat by the spring 31. The orifice chambe'r is indirect communication with a tube 32 which extends the full length ofcontainer 25 and projects through a seal 33 contained in a housing 34formed in the bottom wall 35 of the container. Said seal 33 is of theflexible lip type which permits the removal and reinsertion of the tube32 without destroying the efiicacy of the seal. The container has a malethreaded neck 36 which passes through the grommet 37 defining an openingin the bottom of the sump 8; and a lock nut 38 serves to compress thegrommet against the shoulder 39 of the neck to provide a liquid tightassociation with the sump wall. Cap 27 is screw-threadedly carried bythe neck 36, and there is preferably employed a gasket 40 to preventleakage from the sump S into the container 25.

The bottom wall 35 of the container provides a rigid top wall for areservoir or pump chamber 41. A purnpshape (illustrated by dotted linein Fig. 2) when heated.

A ball check valve assembly 43 secured to a nipple 44 in wall 35provides for entry of liquid from the container 25 into reservoir 41.

The energy released in the transition'of diaphragm 42 from concave toconvex shape (as viewed in Fig. 2) causes the ejection of a quantity ofliquid from the reservoir 41 and tube 32 into the washing vat 3. Theseal 33 and ball check valve 43 prevent flow of liquid from thereservoir 41 into the container 25. The return of disk 42 to its normalconcave shape creates a pressure condition within reservoir 41 whichproduces a flow of liquid from container 25 into the reservoir, saidflow being primarily through the check valve '43 but probablysupplemented in part by passage through the seal 33. The ball valve 30seals against flow'of liquid from tube 32 into the charm ber 41.

The operation of disk 42 is effectively accomplished in the proper timerelationship in the dishwasher cycle by heat flow from the resistanceheater 45 disposed within a housing46 secured as shown about the bottomof the reservoir 41 so as to be in liquid-tight relation therewith.Advantageously, the heater 45 may be supported on suitable insulatingposts 47 and connected by wires 41 I and 49 into a time switch controlcircuit, as presently explained. Heater 45 is designed to havesubstantial thermal output so as quickly to overcome the appreciableheat loss from the disk 42 into the body of liquid in the reservoir 41,which liquid, of course, will have heat capacity influenced by itsvolume and the ambient ternperature of the dispenser.

Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a time-cycle control circuit fora dishwasher embodying the present inven-' tion. It may be explainedthat, for simplicity, the illustrated sequence of operations includesonly one washing and one final rinsing operation, although as is nowwell understood in the art, there usually are a plurality of washingand/ or rinsing operations. According to Fig. 3 the cycle of operationhas been established on the basis of having a pre-rinse, a singlewashing operation, and a final rinsing operation during which theimpeller is operated for forceful circulation of the rinse waterthroughout the vat. There is a subsequent air drying operation. TheWetting agent may be introduced into the machine during any or all ofthe water using operations, although in the illustrated circuit, thewetting agent is introduced into the vat only at the time of the finalrinse.

The time cycle switch 50 may be of any conventional styleefor example,that shown in lllian U. S. Patent No. 2,619,557, patented 'November 25,1952, for Program Selector Switch. Such a switch has a motor 51, usuallyof the well known type sold under the trademark Telechron, whichoperates through a slip clutch and gear box contained in gear case 52 todrive a cam shaft on which are mounted a plurality of cams designated C1to C5 inclusive. The cam shaft also carries the control or setting knob53, said knob having an indexing pointer which at the completion of acomplete cycle registers with an 0115 marking (not shown) on anescutcheon plate (not shown) carried on a convenient outside wall of thecasing 1 of the dishwasher. It will be assumed that the motor 5'1 willbe energized upon manually rotating knob 53 through a clockwise angle ofabout ten degrees, and that thereupon the motor will operate the camshaft through the remaining three-hundred-and-fifty degrees in exactlythirty minutes.

The cams C1 to C5 respectively operate single pole switches S1 and S5and to that end the respective switches include a spring contact fingeror rider whichiengages with the periphery of its cam and makes or breakscontact with an associated spring contact according to the contour ofthe cam, as is well understood. As shown, each of the spring contactfingers is electrically connected to a common lead 54 of a suitablealternating current power source.

When the dial 53 is manually operated to its on position, cam C1 causesswitch S1 to closeits circuit, whereupon the timer motor is energizedthrough the obvious circuit which includes conductor 54, switch S1. andconductors 55 and 56. As indicated, this circuit remains closedthroughout the entire cycle of operation. About ten seconds followingthe closing of switch S1, cam C2 closes its switch S2 completing thecircuit through water valve solenoid 18 by way of conductors 57 and 56.Energization of the solenoid 18 opens the water valve 14 to admit waterinto the vat 3 through the spray fitting 17. At this time, drain valvesolenoid 22 has not been energized and the drain hose 20 is in aposition permitting the free flow of the water to the drain. The purposeof the initial rinse is to flush gross soil from the dishes and otherarticles within the washing vat and to purge the inlet water piping ofany cold water which may be present therein. Such an operation consumesabout forty-five seconds, at the end of which cam C2 drops the contactfinger of switch S2 to open the switch, as indicated by the schematiccam contour. The motor 11 does not operate during this preliminary rinseperiod. After an interval of about ten seconds which permits the rinsewater to leave the vat, motor 11 is started by the closure of switch S3by cam C3. The circuit is the obvious one including conductors '58, 59,and 56. Substantially coincidentally therewith, cam C4 closes switch S4to energize the drain valve solenoid 22 through the circuit includingconductors 6t) and 56. Solenoid 22 operates to raise the hose 20 tonon-draining position. Cam C2 thereupon operates switch S2 again toadmit water to the vat. Water valve 14 remains open for a period of timecalculated to introduce the necessary water volume. In the averagedishwasher this is about twelve pints and about forty-five seconds is asufiicient fill period for usual domestic water pressures. The motor 11remains in operation during a five minute period representing thewashing cycle, and, of course, the drain valve solenoid 22 also remainsenergized to hold the drain hose 20 in its non-draining position. At theend of the washing period, switches S3 and S4 are again opened,respectively de-energizing the motor 4 and the drain valve solenoid 22and permitting the drainage of the spent wash water from the vat.Shortly thereafter, each of the switches S3 and S4 is again closed,respectively re-energizing the motor 11 and the drain valve solenoid 22,whereupon the drain valve system is operated to nondraining position.Cam C2 then closes switch S2 for another forty-five second intervalduring which a twelve pint volume of hot rinse water is introduced intothe vat through valve 14. Switch S2 again opens de-energizing solenoid18 to interrupt the water flow and valve 14 remains closed throughoutthe remainder of the cycle. The quantity of rinse water is forcefullycirculated throughout the vat by the impeller 9. Coincident with theclosing of switch S2 to re-energize the inlet valve solenoid, cam C5closes switch S5, energizing the dispenser heater 45 through the circuitincluding conductors 49, 48 and 56. Switch S5 remains closedsufficiently to insure that the heat emission of heater 45 will actuatethe diaphragm 42 from its normally concave to its convex position. Thestrong pumping action of the diaphragm drives a charge of wetting agentthrough tube 32 into the vat 3, where it mixes with the rinse water.Energization of the heat coil 45 for a thirty second period will beample for actuation of the diaphragm. After such interval, the switch S5returns to open circuit position and the diaphragm 42 will shortlyreassume its cool position As it does so, the diaphragm will draw aquantity of the wetting agent into the reservoir 41 through the valve43. Valve 30 closes to prevent liquid from being drawn from tube 32. Thedrain valve solenoid 22 remains energized for the five minute periodrepresenting the final rinsing operation, following which switch S4de-energizes the solenoid to effect the drainage of the rinse water fromthe washing vat. It is preferable at this time also to deenergize themotor 11 so as to prevent the circulation of the rinse water during itsdrainage period. The solenoid 22 is not again energized during theremainder of the operation, but, as indicated in Fig. 3, the motor 11returns to operation so as to circulate drying air throughout thedishwasher vat.

As is well understood, the eflect of the wetting agent is to reduce thesurface tension of the water so that instead of collecting and remainingon the articles at the termination of the rinsing cycle, the waterdroplets will'drain freely from the articles and will, of course, passwith the bulk of the rinsing liquid to the drain. Therefore, during thesubsequent drying operation, there will be a minimum of water particlesremaining on the dishes for evaporation thereon; and since, aspreviously stated, it is the mineral and other foreign matter content ofthe water droplets which produce spotting of glassware and otherarticles, the

washed and dried glasses,'dishes, or other articles will besubstantially free of spotting when, at the end of the completeoperation, the user opens the door to remove them from the vat.

It should be understood that although the invention has been describedwith particular reference to dishwashing apparatus, the employment of awetting agent in the final rinse water of clothes washing machines isalmost equally advantageous. In clothes washing machines which are ofthe centrifugal extraction type particularly, the addition of thewetting agent increases the mobility of the rinse water with the resultthat the centrifugal extraction operation removes substantially morewater from the clothes than under normal conditions in which the rinsewater has not been. treated to reduce its surface tension. p

In each type of apparatus, the drying time is shortened by the use ofour invention; in the dishwasher, the substantial reduction in the waterretained on the articles obviously reduces the time necessary toevaporate the residual water, and in clothes washing machines, theimproved extraction by centrifugal or pressure means likewise reducesthe residual water and the amount of time for the complete drying of thearticles.

While there has been described what is at present considered to be thepreferred embodiment of the invention, it will be understood thatvarious modifications may be made therein, and it is intended to coverin the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scopeof the invention.

We claim:

1. A device for dispensing a measured quantity of liquid into a tub orvat, comprising a container for said liquid, means for mounting saidcontainer relative to said said vat, a conduit communicating between theinterior of said vat and said container and accommodating the filling ofsaid container with said liquid from the interior of said vat, a closurecap normally carried by the end of said conduit communicating with saidvat and removable therefrom from the interior of said vat, a reservoirin communication with said container, first check valve meansaccommodating flow of said liquid only from said containerinto saidreservoir, a thermally actuated pump in said reservoir, a discharge tubeleading from said reservoir into said vat, second check valve meansaccommodating flow of liquid only from said reservoir through said tubeinto said vat, thermal means for actuating said pump to effect adischarge of a quantity of said liquid from said reservoir through saidtube into said vat, and means for energizing said thermal means.

2. A device for dispensing a measured quantity of liquid into a tub orvat, comprising a container for said liquid, means for mounting saidcontainer relative to said vat, a conduit communicating between theinterior of said vat and said container and accommodating the filling ofsaid container with said liquid from the interior of said vat, a closurecap normally carried by the end of said conduit communicating with saidvat and removable therefrom from the interior of said vat, a reservoirin communication with said container, first check valve meansaccommodating How of said liquid only from said container into saidreservoir, a thermally actuated pump in said reservoir, said pumpcomprising a wall portion of said reservor, a discharge tube leadingfrom said reservoir into said vat, second check'valve meansaccommodating flow of liquid only from said reservoir "7 through saidtube into said, vat, thermal. means for actuating said pump to. effect adischarge of a quantity of, said liquid from said reservoir through saidtube-into said vat, and meansfor energizinglsaid thermal means.

3. A device for dispensing a. measured quantity of liquid into a' tub orvat, comprising a container for said liquid, means for mounting saidcontainer relative to said vat, a conduit communicating between theinterior of said vat and said container and accommodating the fillingofsaid container with said liquid from the interior of. said vat, aclosure cap normally carried. by the end of; said conduit-communicatingwith said vat and removable therefrom from the interior of said vat, areservoir in communication with said container, first check valve meansaccommodating flow of said liquid only from said container into saidreservoir, a pump in said reservoir, said pump comprising a thermallyresponsive bimetallic disk, a discharge tube leading from said:reservoir into said vat, second check valve means accommodating flow ofliquid only from said reservoir through said tube into said vat, thermalmeans including an electrical resistance coil in heat exchange relationwith said disk for actuating said pump to efiect a discharge of aquantity of said liquid from said reservoir through said tube into saidvat, and means for energizing said resistance coil.

4. A device according to claim 3, in which said bimetallic disk forms awall of said reservoir and when heated assumes a configuration whichreduces the volume of the reservoir equal to the quantity of liquid tobe discharged into said vat.

15. Washing apparatus, comprising a vat to contain articles to bewashed, means for introducing into said vat a quantity of liquid, meansfor effecting a circulation of said liquid within said vat to cause saidliquid to flow about the articles within said vat, means for drainingsaid liquid from said vat at a predetermined time, control means foractuating said liquid introduction means, said liquid circulation meansand said liquid draining means in a predetermined operational sequence,a container of liquid-conditioning material fixed relative to said vat,a conduit communicating between the interior of said vat and saidcontainer and accommodating the filling of said container with saidliquid-conditioning material from the interior of said vat, a closurecap normally carried by the. end of said conduit communicating with saidvat and removable therefrom, from the interior of said vat, a dischargetube communicating from said container into said vat, check valve meansaccommodating flow of liquid only from said container through said tubeinto said vat, thermally actuated pump means for discharging a quantityof said conditioning material from said container through said tube intosaid vat, thermal ated, by said control means to energize said thermalmeans at a predetermined portion of said operational sequence.

Washing apparatus, comprising a vat to contain articles to be washed,means for introducing into said vat a quantity of liquid, means foreffecting a circulation of said liquid within said vat to cause saidliquid to flow about the articles within said vat, means for drainingsaid liquid from said vat at a predetermined time, control means foractuating said liquid introduction means, said liquid circulation meansand said liquid draining means in a predetermined operational sequence,a container of liquid-conditioning material fixed relative to said vat,a conduit communicating between the interior of said vat and saidcontainer and accommodating the filling of said container with saidliquid conditioning material from the interior of said vat, a closurecap normally carried by the end of said conduit communicating with saidvat and removable therefrom from the interior of said vat, a dischargetube carried by said cap and removmeans for actuating said pump means,and means oper- 1 ass- 7,224

able therewith and normally, arranged within, said, con.- duit and,communicating from, said container through said capi'ntof said vat,check valve means accommodating flow of liquid only from said containerthrough said tube andv said, cap, into said, vat, thermally actuatedpump means for discharging a, quantity of said conditioning materialfrom said container through said tube andsaid cap-into said vat, thermalmeans for actuating said pump means, andv means operated by said controlmeans to energize said thermal means at a predetermined portion of saidoperational. sequence.

7. Washing apparatus, comprising a vat to: contain articles to bewashed, means for introducing into said vat a quantity of liquid, meansfor effecting a circulation of said liquid within said vat to cause saidliquid toflow about'the. articles within, said vat, means for drainingsaid liquid from saidvat at a predeterminedtirne, control means for,actuating said, liquid introduction means, said liquid circulation meansand said liquid draining'nieans in a predetermined operational sequence,a container of liquid-conditioning material fixed relative to said vat,means including a combination fill and discharge cap for said container,said cap being; disposed Within said vat, thermally operated pump meansfor discharging a quantity of said. conditioning material from saidcontainer into. said vat, thermal meansv for actuating said pump means,and means for causing said control means to energize said thermal meansat a predetermined portion of said operational sequence.

8. A device for dispensing a quantity of liquid-conditioning materialinto a tub or vat, comprising-a container for said material, a pumpchamber communicating with said container, first check valve meansaccommodating flow only from. said container into said pump chamber,fill cap means for said container, said cap means having a valve chamberprovided with an orifice discharging into said vat, a conduitcommunicating between said pump chamber and said valve chamber toconduct said liquid-conditioning material from said pump chamber to saidvalve chamber, second: check valve, means disposed in said-valve chamberaccommodating flow only from said conduit into said valve chamber,thermally actuated pumping means for discharging a quantity of materialfrom said, pump chamber intosaid vat by way of said conduit and saidvalve chamber, and means for applying thermal energy to said pumpingmeans to actuate the same.

9. For use with washing apparatus having a, tub for containing articlesto be washed, means for introducing washing and rinsing liquids into.said tub, means for washing said articles in a washing liquid, and meansfor rinsing said articles in a rinsing liquid; mechanism for dispensinga measured quantity of liquid-conditioning material into said tub,comprising, in combination, a container for said material, a pumpchamber communicating with said container, first valve meansaccommodating only flow of said materialfrom said container into saidchamber, a conduit communicating between said chamber and said tub,second valve means accommodating only flow of material from said chamberthrough said conduit into said tub, thermallyactuatable pump means insaid chamber, said pump means having a fixed amount of displacement foreach actuation thereof and being responsive solely to an increase in thetemperature thereof to move in a direction effecting flow of a quantityof said material from said chamber into'said tub, said pump means beingmechanically biased for movement in an opposite direction uponsubsequently cooling from said increased temperature whereby to drawreplacement material from said container into said chamber, electricalresistance means disposedadjacent said pump means for direct heattransfer thereto for increasing the temperature of said pump means, formoving in said first-named direction, and cyclically operated switchmeans for 9 10 energizing said resistance means for a time necessary toReferences Cited in the file of this patent increase the temperature ofthe pumping means for its UNITED STATES PATENTS first-mentionedmovement, and to de-energize said re- 6 ch b N 27 sistance means for atime permitting the cooling of said ggg 'ggg i ers ""f' g: 1 pump meansas necessary for its second-named move- 5 21664094 Spragins Dec. 1953ment.

